Measles, Mumps And Rubella

Measles, Mumps And Rubella Measles, mumps and rubella are three of the most profoundly and regularly obtained irresistible illnesses in kids; be that as it may, they can influence individuals all things considered. These infections happen all through the world and are profoundly transferable airborne pathogens which can spread by close contact with a tainted individual. Albeit still an issue in many creating nations, because of vaccination programs the world over these infections are considerably less basic at this point. Productive and early immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella are profoundly fruitful at forestalling the infections and most kids who get their shots are being ensured during adolescence, yet by and large have a long lasting invulnerability. The measles infection (MV), an individual from the Morbillivirus sort in the Paramyxovirus family, is a 100-300 nm wrapped infection that contains a solitary strand, negative-sense RNA genome in a helical nucleocapsid which encodes for six basic proteins and two others which are associated with viral passage. The F (combination) and the H (hemagglutinin) proteins are significant in pathogenesis since together they encourage receptor awaiting, combination of the viral layer, and cell section of into the epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract of the host [*,*]. Measles is exceptionally irresistible and once contaminated an individual can encounter clinical highlights, for example, fever, maculopapular rash, hack, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, and the pathognomonic Koplik spots ( accentuate blue-white spots which show up in the buccal and lower labial mucosa) which by and large happen 1-2 days before the rash[ ]. Now and again complexities, for example, looseness of the bowels, otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, visual deficiency, and optional diseases by normal microbes and infections may emerge. In some extraordinary cases subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), an uncommon degenerative malady of the mind which for the most part develops six to eight years after an essential measles infection disease, may likewise beginning. Measles is regularly a contamination of youth and defensive insusceptibility is long lasting, with the end goal that a second instance of measles in a kid or grown-up would be exceptionally abnormal. Before the across the board inoculation endeavors against measles during the 1960s the infection had a case-casualty proportion of about 5% in youngsters, which was higher for kids and newborn children in creating nations, where even today a casualty pace of up to 20% can happen. A profoundly powerful live-weakened antibody for measles has added to the low occurrence levels contrast with the pre-immunization period and even a few areas of the world have reported its total destruction. Measles is ordinarily analyzed dependent on its unmistakable side effects, thus why research facility conclusion is once in a while use. Be that as it may, given the achievement of the inoculation crusades, doctors in low measles pervasiveness territories may turn out to be less acquainted with the ailment and exact determinations may get testing later on. Mumps Virus, similar to measles, additionally has a place with the family Paramyxoviridae, yet its class is Rubulavirus. Similar to measles, mumps is a 150-200 nm wrapped round infection with surface spikes anticipating from the envelope. Inside the envelope, a huge helically masterminded nucleocapsid encases adversely abandoned RNA whose genome contains around 16,000 nucleotides. Clinical Symptoms of mumps incorporate mellow fever, anorexia, discomfort, migraines and intense beginning of one-sided or respective parotitis. Parotitis will in general happen inside the primary couple of days of the disease and may initially be communicated through ear infection and delicacy of the swollen parotid or salivary organ. Mumps is profoundly infectious, and 90% of those that are powerless and are presented to the contamination will themselves become tainted. Be that as it may, 30-40% of those with the disease are really asymptomatic (Rubin and Farber, 1994). Difficulties can incorporate mening oencephalitis, orchitis in guys or oophoritis in females, just as pancreatitis. The live-constricted mumps immunization is frequently given alongside measles and rubella in the MMR antibody. The finding of mumps is normally done dependent on the statement of the clinical highlights, specifically the nearness of parotitis. There are novel difficulties for the research facility conclusion of mumps in recently inoculated people whose insusceptibility may have lessened either without a subsequent supporter portion of antibody or in zones where mumps malady, and in this way presentation, is insignificant. In any case, It has been inferred that the most quick and touchy finding of mumps can be gain by ELISA (Enzyme-connected Immunisorbent Assay) strategy. Rubella infection, normally known as German measles, has a place with the family Togavirida, variety Rubivirus. Rubella virions, despite the fact that encompassed like measles and mumps, are a lot littler, around 60-70 nm in breadth and contain roughly 10,000 nucleotides in a solitary abandoned, non-fragmented, positive-sense RNA genome inside a semi-round nucleocapsid. Rubella is normally a mellow ailment and is described by a low fever and a summed up maculopapular rash. Different side effects may incorporate lympadenopathy, conjunctivitis, and sore throat. Manifestations of gained rubella are frequently gentle and in up to half of cases asymptomatic. Intricacies are not normal in rubella patients, however by and large happen more frequently in grown-ups than in kids. Arthralgia and joint pain are basic difficulties among 70% of contaminated grown-up ladies. Different confusions, for example, encephalitis and hemorrhagic indications can likewise be understanding, yet these are comm only uncommon. Albeit a moderately gentle malady rubella can hush up genuine if gain by pregnant ladies. Pathogenesis Measles, mumps, and rubella are profoundly infectious viral diseases that can be transmitted by airborne created when a contaminated individual ousts spit through hacking or sniffling, or by direct contact with respiratory discharges. Following contamination of a defenseless host, every one of the three pathogens start replication in the respiratory tract where they at first objective the respiratory ephatelium of the nasopharynx and proceed onto the provincial lymph hubs. This limited replication stage is trailed by a viremia where the infections spread onto different organs. On account of measles, an essential viremia where the infection moves onto other lymphoid tissue happens 2-3 days after contamination. Around days 5-7, the infection spreads to various different organs, for example, the kidney, liver, and skin through an auxiliary viremia. In mumps, following 12 to 25 days of presentation a viremia emerges which keeps going from 3 to 5 days. This viremia permits the infection t o spread to various tissues which incorporate the meninges, and organs, for example, the salivary, pancreas, testicles, and ovaries. Aggravation of the tainted tissues causes the trademark manifestations of the ailment, parotitis and aseptic meningitis. Much the same as the mumps and measles, rubella following 5-7 days of replication in the nasopharynx region follows a viremia which spreads to the lymphatic framework and builds up an orderly contamination. Clinical signs and manifestations for measles, mumps, and rubella happen after a brooding time of around 10-12, 14-18, and 12-23 days individually. For measles, a prodromal time of 2-4 days denotes the start of the clinical phase of the disease. Here, dainty epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and the conjunctive started to be separated by the infection prompting an incendiary response, likewise a trademark side effect of the ailment. Thicker mucosal surfaces of the buccal pit are then influenced offered ascend to the Kopliks spots. The presence of the spots denotes the beginning to a postponed type excessively touchy response (DTH) which offers ascend to the rash. The essential antiviral invulnerable reactions to MV corresponds with the presence of the rash, and is here when the nearness of IgM antibodies and of CD4+Â and CD8+Â T cells in regions of MV-tainted epithelial cells happens. Following this, killing IgG antibodies are likewise presented and related every one of the four resistant reactions are totally powerful in controlling viral replication and finishing up the irresistible procedure. Viral antigen is missing from skin sores and the infection isn't shed from this surface, anyway shedding of the infection happens from the nasopharynx from the earliest starting point of the prodrome until 3-4 days after the rash develops. As referenced, measles is an average self-restricting disease, and can be settled by a productive insusceptible reaction; anyway patients with T-cells insufficiencies, unfit to build up a rash, regularly experience difficulties, for example, SSPE. A while following an intense MV disease, a delayed condition of immunosuppression, which much of the time inclines patients to numerous auxiliary bacterial, viral, and parasitic contaminations, results. Mumps infection (MuV), like measles, causes vague prodromal manifestations, for example, mellow fever and discomfort during its hatching period. Upon viral passage, replication essentially happens in the nasal mucosa and the epithelial layer of the upper respiratory track, which dynamically proceeds onward to infiltrating the depleting lymph hubs. From here, the viremia spreads the infection onto the parotid organs, kidney, pancreas, and focal sensory system (CNS). Disease in the salivary organs produces parotitis-aggravation of the parotid organs the most well-known clinical indication of mumps. Irritation and growing of the organs, obvious during the initial two days of disease in 30-40% of patients, is because of tissue harm and an ensuing resistant reaction incited by viral replication. Furthermore, proliferation into the kidneys can expand the disease and cause viruria. Conceivably irresistible infection is discharged in the pee for a time of about fourteen days following beginn ing of the illness. In any case 1/3 of diseases are subclinical, this being more typical among grown-ups than kids. Around eleven days after introduction, humoral resistant reaction is built up and the nearness of killing antibodies, for example, IgG (immunoglobulin G), IgM and IgA eme

Systems Development: Concepts, Issues and Approaches

Frameworks Development: Concepts, Issues and Approaches Frameworks advancement ideas, issues and approaches and the connection among advances and their social setting Question 1: For what reason are customary ways to deal with frameworks configuration viewed as techno-driven? Presentation This paper presents a careful clarification of the different procedures identified with frameworks structure and to the issues that face the ordinary, or customary, techniques as per which PC frameworks, of various sorts, are planned. The paper will at that point clarify why the conventional methodologies of framework configuration are viewed as techno-driven. Before having the option to respond to the principle question of this paper, we ought to characterize certain terms so as to explain all the components that will be talked about later on. Stews (2004, p.542-543), states that â€Å"a PC framework is an electronic gadget that can be thought of as a total data handling focus. It can figure, store, sort, update, control, arrangement, compose, and process information. It likewise controls rationale activities and can quickly convey in illustrations, numbers, words, and sounds.† Another definition is introduced by Avgerou and Cornford (1998, p.1), as they express that data frameworks â€Å"refer to data and information taking care of exercises in human associations. Data dealing with in this sense is an intentional movement supported after some time, and incorporates the exercises of gathering data, putting away it, guiding it to fitting spots and individuals, and using it in different assignments inside the organization.† The architect of the framework endeavors to distinguish a particular issue inside a given domain of work, for instance, and makes a lot of procedures that ought to have the option to determine that issue as indicated by pre-decided directions and prerequisites (Kelkar, 2004). Framework DESIGN A framework should deal with an assortment of issues identified with an association and to empower the individuals whom are viewed as the people that manage those issues to work appropriately, quickly, more productively, and all the more precisely. This generally likewise includes the cooperation (between availability) between each one of those working in a particular segment. The individual (or gathering of individuals) that should plan the ideal framework should contemplate and break down completely the difficult circle, distinguishing the different components and variables engaged with it, proposing diverse framework choices, put them into test (ideally in genuine workplaces), lastly choosing, with the assistance of the administration of the association being referred to, the best arrangement. PC frameworks originators, nearly from the earliest starting point of this field, would in general work solely inside their specialized domain; implying that they were distinguishing the issue and making the arrangement that, obviously, was fruitful, however that was just operable and encouraged to themselves and to individuals of a similar specialized foundation. This made a reality which made it, to some degree, hard for normal clients, who are additionally expected to be the end clients of today’s PC frameworks, to bargain, interface, not to mention produce effectively utilizing those frameworks. The principle issue in this unique situation, as clarified by Doherty King (2005, p.2), is that the planners don't, by and large, follow most required strides in what concerns the examination of the effect of using the PC arrangement on the association and in what concerns the connection between the made framework and the human factor of that association. As per Poulymenakou Holmes, 1996 (in Doherty and King, 2005, p.2), â€Å"the appropriation of techno-driven improvement approaches can be a perilous procedure, as it urges designers to convey and actualize the data framework, and at exactly that point, if by any stretch of the imagination, stress over adjusting it to its authoritative context.† The regular procedure, which relies exclusively upon making a PC framework that is effective in settling a given issue and that works from a specialized (or PC programmable and configurable) perspective, is viewed as techno-driven in light of the fact that the most significant factor in structuring the framework, which is the human factor, has not be thought about completely by the planner (or the architects) during the usage of their underlying arrangement of work. Numerous experts and specialists continue requiring a philosophy of framework plan that centers more around the social part of the made device: â€Å"little progress has been made in the improvement of down to earth socio-specialized techniques and approaches that have prevailing with regards to making the change from look into lab to far reaching business usage† (Doherty King, 2005, p.2). Davidson and Chiasson (2004, p.6) express that the three fundamental phases of data innovation are the turn of events, the usage, and the osmosis. They weight on the way that all the subtleties that are identified with the every day utilization of the innovation may not be seen at the hour of arranging in light of the fact that the â€Å"attention is centered around by and large business objectives and usage strategy.† This makes the period following the establishment and the underlying execution profoundly significant as all the social and human related variables must be balanced and changed to suit the clients and the association overall. There are different instances of frameworks that were made by the ordinary, techno-driven, approach and that have fizzled at the hour of execution in light of the fact that the architects did not have the social-arranged component in their structure Doherty and King (2005, p.2) referenced a few bombed encounters of this sort; cases, for example, the London Ambulance System, the Taurus System, and the Benefits Payment Card System. Different models were introduced by Davidson and Chiasson (2005, p.6-12) who detailed that the electronic clinical record frameworks (EMRS) that were utilized in two human services associations were additionally a reason for worry, partially. The creators affirm that the first frameworks made for the wellbeing associations should have been socially changed through the usage of TUM (Technology Use Mediation) during framework improvement stages and all through the period in which the frameworks were being used. â€Å"System design expected changes to programming framework and code. Hierarchical size affected the accessibility and the viability of intercession resources.† Another factor that is engaged with the ordinary methodology is the absolute underestimation of beforehand existing frameworks which is likewise another trait of techno-driven techniques for structure and framework advancement. Overlooking the ‘old’ frameworks drives the originator to make something that is absolutely new to the association, and this likewise rejects the impacts, the points of interest, and the ease of use of the past framework. The convenience of the framework and the capacity of individuals inside the association to work with it came because of a significant stretch of framework adjustments (regardless of whether equipment or programming) and of individual preparing and various procedures of blunders and amendments; which is the thing that can be considered as the social-related side of framework advancement. Each one of those components will be completely disposed of by the fashioner during his/her improvement of the new framework, which will bring ab out the new framework experiencing similar stages that the old framework went through, and this is another type of time-related and monetarily related misfortunes to the association. Chae and Poole (2005, p.19) suggest a significant conversation starter: â€Å"Is it workable for an enormous scope data framework to be created ‘from scratch’?† Their clarification affirms that: Records of framework advancement and the frameworks improvement writing regularly center principally around the new framework and tend to underemphasize the job of previous frameworks Few give a lot of consideration to the job of prior data frameworks in IS [Information Systems] improvement. To the degree the new framework must coordinate with previous frameworks or utilize existing equipment and programming Existing frameworks have additionally been viewed as issues or boundaries to the improvement of new IS and as disablers of May be based authoritative development and change†¦ This methodology, as well, will in general treat prior frameworks as items, secret elements (for example Markus, 1983). Those referenced above are the most prominent focuses when contemplating PC plan in its regular strategy, which is, as can be seen, techno-driven. End Despite the fact that customary methodologies of framework configuration have been applied from the earliest starting point of the time of Information Technology, they are still techno-driven. What originators should concentrate on are those framework attributes that are increasingly operable by the people of an association; this incorporates the interface structure, the language utilized inside the different pieces of the framework (those identified with both the product and the equipment) Another significant point is the flexibility to the association that mentioned the framework; the fashioners ought to see completely that different components that can lead the recently made framework to be progressively social-arranged and to be what the association needs. Techno-driven plans can work, yet just in specialized related fields and segments. Past frameworks ought to be concentrated cautiously before starting the plan for new ones; this will empower the fashioner to comprehend what qualities worked beforehand, what structure are the representatives and the supervisors used to work with, and which devices can be re-utilized inside the new framework. Anderson and Vendelo (2004, p.27) clarify the issue of techno-driven structure by expressing that â€Å"when brought into a field, the specialized framework frequently should be changed to consider the more all encompassing necessities that are available in the field, as clients need to oblige the innovation in their day by day routines.† Reference L

How Arsenic in Cigarette Smoke Hurts Your Health

How Arsenic in Cigarette Smoke Hurts Your Health Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes Print How Arsenic in Cigarette Smoke Hurts Your Health By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on January 04, 2020 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD on January 04, 2020 Yulia Reznikov / Moment / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Arsenic is a naturally occurring, poisonous element found in the soil. Arsenic may be found alone as a metal, or more commonly as a metal-like compound. Organic arsenic is less toxic than inorganic arsenic, and accounts for most of the arsenic humans are exposed to, primarily through food and water. Inorganic arsenic is a byproduct of smelting metals and was used in the past in chemicals that pressure-treated wood for outdoor use, though this has been phased out in recent years. Organic Arsenic Organic arsenic is formed when arsenic combines with carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Arsenic Inorganic arsenic occurs when arsenic combines with elements such as oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur. Can Arsenic Cause Cancer? The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified arsenic as being carcinogenic  (Group 1 classification) to humans. Inorganic arsenic has been linked to several cancers, including: Lung cancerSkin cancerBladder cancerLiver cancerKidney cancer Inorganic arsenic is also known to cause skin lesions, including hyperpigmentation. Common Sources of Arsenic Exposure Cigarette smoke:  Arsenic-containing pesticides used in tobacco farming remain in tobacco through processing into cigarettes and are present in small quantities in cigarette smoke.Food: The average American adult takes in 50 milligrams of arsenic each day, with 80 percent of it coming from meat, fish, and poultry. Some wines also contain noticeable levels of arsenic due to pesticides used in farming.Drinking water: Arsenic seeps into well water primarily via bedrock. Groundwater is sometimes contaminated by runoff from soil containing arsenic. Arsenic in Cigarette Smoke Inorganic arsenic is present in mainstream tobacco smoke and presumably in sidestream smoke as well. Depending on average particle size, inorganic arsenic has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of nine days. Indoor concentrations of inorganic arsenic can be much higher than outdoors and is a constituent of thirdhand smoke. According to a report from the California Air Resources Board and the Department of Health Services, smokers breathe in approximately 0.8 to 2.4 micrograms of inorganic arsenic per pack of 20 cigarettes, with approximately 40 percent of it being deposited in the respiratory tract.   Of that amount, 75-80 percent is absorbed by alveoli in the lungs, making the overall absorption of inhaled arsenic in cigarette smoke approximately 30 to 35 percent. Arsenic, along with a host of other toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke exposes smokers (and non-smokers) who breathe in secondhand smoke produced by a burning cigarette to cancer-causing agents and poisons. To date, researchers have identified more than  7,000 chemicals including 250 poisonous and 70 carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke. Harmful Chemicals Abound in Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke If youre a smoker who wants to quit, education about what to expect when you stop smoking along with a support group of like-minded people will help you put smoking  permanently in the past.

A Problem Of Earthquakes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 694 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Earthquake Essay Did you like this example? Earthquakes Individuals tremble when they hear the word disaster: all words that ring a bell when earthquake is heard. They happen all of a sudden and cause a great many dollars in reconstruction. Therefore, the sky is the limit from there, seismic tremors are a standout amongst the most terrific events The unstoppable force of life doles out.Seismic tremors for the most part happen abruptly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Problem Of Earthquakes" essay for you Create order There is a sudden slip in the worlds outside, which influences the earth to shake making mass annihilation structures and individuals in the encompassing territories. These territories in the worlds outside layer are called issues. At the point when the earth blames the ground twists to a specific farthest point until the purpose of breaking. When it at long last snaps, it sends vibrations up to the worlds surface where the seismic tremor happens (USGS). There are two distinct sorts of waves amid a seismic tremor, the P-wave and the S-wave. The P-wave is the essential wave that is the principal wave to arrive, trailed by the transverse, or S-waves, which land after (USGS). Shakes can keep going for short or drawn out stretches of time and are once in a while taken after by delayed repercussions. They are little seismic tremors that keep going for a couple of moments after the greater shudder.To attempt and decrease these misfortunes of companions and relatives, there are ventures to lessen risks in the home. One case in the event that you are in a high seismic-hazard zone is tie or jolt all furniture to the floor or to the dividers so that if a tremor occurs, it wont hurt anybody. Likewise, the casing ought to be checked occasionally to ensure that it is all in consideration. One last safeguard is utilize plywood sheathing wherever required, for example, carport entryway zones, to reinforce the home with the goal that less harm will happen (Jolt 228-29). Quakes cause enormous misfortunes in cash for the legislature when they strike. Structures are thumped over, lanes broke, and there are numerous electrical issues that they need to manage. It requires a considerable measure of investment for spots to recoup from the impacts of seismic tremors. Another Government Crisis Administration Organization report says that harms from U.S. seismic tremors add up to about $ 4.4 billion a year. California alone records for $ 3.3 billion of the aggregate (Fema 9). Another appalling misfortune we have when seismic tremors come around is the loss of our family and companions. A huge number of individuals lose their lives while never comprehending what hit them. The most annihilating shudder in Joined States history is by a wide margin the one that shook the world in San Francisco in 1906. In excess of three thousand lives were gone up against that day. The nearest loss of life to this in the Assembled States was one hundred and fifteen, a seismic tr emor that happened in Long Shoreline, California in 1933 (USGS). A large portion of the seismic tremors that occur in the Unified States happen on the West Drift, particularly in California. This is genuine as a result of a standout amongst the most popular blame lines on the planet, the San Andreas Blame. This blame line extends for more than six hundred miles from the Magnificent Valley in Southern California to Point Field on the northern drift and after that out to ocean. To date more than twenty-five seismic tremors have happened in California. The majority of these are a direct result of the San Andreas Blame. Whats more, these are just the tremors that have been estimated on the Richter scale.There is no real way to prevent seismic tremors from shaking our earth. It is something that, tragically, we should manage for whatever is left of our lives. Numerous researchers and seismologists are doing as well as can be expected so we can be better arranged for another quake when it hits. Until the point that the time when we will have the capacit y to foresee when they will strike comes, we should live realizing that at whenever a seismic tremor can come and shake up the earth and in addition our lives.

Gmos A Threat Of Our Freedom - 1194 Words

GMOs: A Threat to Our Freedom Genetic modification (GM) is a fairly new area of scientific interest in the public eye. Genetically modified food is produced by taking the genes of one organism and inserting it into the genes of another (Thompson 8). GM is often done to increase product yield and to resist drought or insects (â€Å"Agricultural Seeds†). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) claim there is no reason for GM foods to be labeled or further research. There is no justification for the proposed bill, House Resolution (H.R.) 1599, which would make it illegal to require Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) labeling (Byrne). H.R. 1599 is also called the DARK act, or â€Å"Denying Americans the Right to Know† act. A large part of the American dream has always been based on our ability to make personal decisions. The DARK act and other pro-GMO campaigns are taking that freedom away. We have seen this form of government control throughout Ame rican history. It is time to change that aspect of our culture. Consumers have the right to know about their food. Time and time again, we have seen the United States government take away our personal choices. Genetically Modified foods are created through an unstable system. This system is based on the trial and error method. Genetic engineering is like shooting at a target while blindfolded, according to Dr. Arpad Pusztia, the world’s leading expert on plant proteins (Rees 3). GeneticShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1617 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world, most people are familiar with the word â€Å"Genetically modified organisms (or GMOs)†. It is a common technology in our daily life. On the one hand, the GMOs brings many benefits to our society. But on the other hand, it also has potential and unknown risks. 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Furthermore heart disease is one of the leading cause of deaths in the U.S. Food companies see it in their best interest to geneticallyRead MoreField Assignment1404 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide â€Å"health and vitality† to people and the ecosystem of the founders home by making â€Å"delicious, nutritious, convenient and affordable† vegetarian and vegan food that are not only good for them but the environment. Also, by having their products non-GMO and certified organic. 2. Strategic Plan – By produces products in small amounts at a time and only using all natural, organic ingredients, Tofurky is able to make sure that every product they put out will only offer their customers theRead MoreA Sociological Conceptual Framework Of Genetically Modified Organisms2893 Words   |  12 Pagesused to gather data on by entering keywords such as â€Å"pros of genetically modified organisms, cons of genetically modified organisms, and GMOs†. 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A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC Free Essays

string(76) " and Watsonproposed a multi-channel PMU arrangement job and their solution\." A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTCL First A. Writer,Appellation, Organization, Second B. Author, and Third C. We will write a custom essay sample on A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC or any similar topic only for you Order Now Author, Jr. , Designation, Organization Abstraction— Power system province appraisal with the sole deployment of synchronal phasor measurings demands that the system must be wholly discernible with PMUs merely. Direct measuring of stage angles of current and electromotive force phasors are now possible by Phasor Measurement Units ( PMUs ) . To hold lesser figure of PMUs, the arrangement job in any web is considered as an optimisation job. This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) based bunch formation algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. The proposed algorithm clusters the coachs into many sub groups and the maximal connectivity coach is selected as the heading coach. The PMU is placed on the heading coach to pull off the affiliated coachs for complete system observability. This paper analyses the proposed algorithm for the undermentioned three instances: 1. Without PMU loss, 2. With individual PMU loss, and 3. Zero Injection Bus. The simulation consequences for IEEE coach and the KPTCL coach syste ms are presented and compared with the bing attacks. The proposed consequences show that the method is simple to implement and supply the accurate PMU arrangement. Index Terms— IEEE Bus, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited ( KPTCL ) , Optimal PMU Placement, Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Phasor Measurement Units ( PMUs ) , and Power System State Estimation I. Introduction Power public-service corporations are confronting legion menaces of security of operation due to the over stressed power web in the today’s competitory power market scenario. Phasor Measurement Unit ( PMU ) is an measuring device which is used to mensurate the current and electromotive force. It uses the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) pulsation to ease the synchronised measurings of existent clip phasors of currents and electromotive force. A power system is said to be recognizable when electromotive force phasors at all the coachs are known. Harmonizing to Ohm’s Law, if a PMU is placed at the coach, so the neighboring coachs besides become discernible. Obviously, when PMUs are placed at all the coachs of the web, and the measurings for all the PMUs are communicated to the control units, so the electromotive force phasors at all the coachs would be known. This attack can alter the traditional appraisal to province measuring. PMUs are already installed in several publ ic-service corporations for assorted applications around the universe such as province appraisal, adaptative protection and system protection strategies. Other application Fieldss include stableness monitoring, Wide Area Monitoring and Control ( WAMC ) and efficient system use. In the traditional power systems, the coachs are monitored utilizing the conventional measurings from electromotive force and current transformers and the informations are forwarded to the Energy Management System ( EMS ) through the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ( SCADA ) system. It collects the existent clip measurings from the Remote Terminal Units ( RTUs ) placed in substations. This attacks are non able to supervise all the measurings across a broad country power system because the informations are non time-synchronized [ 1 ] . PMUs are an indispensable portion of smart grids and therefore the rate of PMU installings are increasing. In the emerging engineering, the major issue demand to be addressed is the arrangement of PMUs, which is influenced by the awaited system applications. The major factor restricting the figure of PMU installings are their cost and the communicating installations. Hence, the cost and communicating restraints of PMUs have been motivated the r esearch workers to place the minimum PMU installing for the awaited applications. Puting PMUs on all coachs of the power system consequences a complete observability of the system. Since, a coach is observed if a PMU is placed on it or some of its adjacent coachs, it is neither economical nor necessary to transport set such installings. As a effect, a job called Optimal PMU Placement ( OPP ) job has been occurs. The purpose of this paper is to place the optimum figure of PMUs to do the KPTCL topologically discernible. Here, a PSO based Clustering Algorithm is proposed to constellate the coachs. The heading coach is selected based on the maximal connectivity among the coachs. The heading coach is placed with the PMU to supervise the other affiliated coachs. The PMU arrangement scheme confirms the system observability during the normal on the job conditions and besides the individual PMU failures. The proposed method is found to be simple, fast and accurate in calculation. The proposed method is applied on IEEE-6, IEEE-7, IEEE-9, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 coach systems and KPTCL power maps for 28 coach, 127 coach and 155 coach systems to verify the proposed algorithm public presentation. The staying portion of the paper is organized as follows: Section II involves the plants related to the bing algorithms for optimum PMU arrangement job. Section III involves the description of the proposed PSO based bunch formation algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. Section IV involves the public presentation analysis of the proposed work. The paper is concluded in Section V. II. Related Plants With the figure of PMUs estimated for installing in the close hereafter, both the public-service corporations and research workers are looking for the optimum solutions to their arrangement. The solutions for the optimum PMU arrangement job can be classified into two types: mathematical and heuristic algorithms. Some of the bing plants related to the optimum PMU arrangements are discussed. Integer scheduling is a mathematical scheduling attack for work outing an optimisation job holding whole number design variables.Singhintroduced an whole number programming based methodological analysis for the optimum arrangement of PMU. It reduces the cost of installing and ease the full power system observability. The zero injection coachs construct was used to further cut down the figure of PMUs. Integer programming helps to supply multiple consequences if the adjacent coachs to zero injection coachs were non handled decently. The best consequences was selected based on the [ 2 ] .Fan and Watso nproposed a multi-channel PMU arrangement job and their solution. Here, a close relationship among the PMU arrangement job and the authoritative combinatorial job were identified [ 3 ] . Roy et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement attack for power system observability. Here, a three phase optimum PMU arrangement method was formulated based on web connectivity information. Phase 1 and present 2 of the algorithm iteratively estimate the less of import coach locations to extinguish the PMUs and estimates where the PMUs were retained. The last phase reduces the figure of PMUs utilizing the pruning operation. The optimum set of PMU locations were obtained for web observability [ 4 ] .Manousakis and Korresdesigned a leaden least squares algorithm for optimum PMU arrangement. A quadratic minimisation job with uninterrupted determination factors were formulated capable to the nonlinear observability restraints. The optimum solution was obtained by an unconstrained nonlinear weighted least squares method [ 5 ] .Mahari and Seyediproposed a Binary Imperialistic Competition Algorithm ( BICA ) for optimum PMU arrangement. The zero injection coach was considered for all probes to obtain the suited replies. In add-on to the traditional regulations, new regulation was besides generated. It helps to cut down the figure of PMUs arrangement [ 6 ] . Tai et Alproposed a Random Component Outages ( RCO ) for optimum PMU arrangement for power system appraisal. The optimum locations were chosen to cut down the province appraisal and mistake covariance [ 7 ] .Sodhi et Alpresented an optimum PMU arrangement method for complete topological and numerical observability of power system. A two phase PMU arrangement attack was proposed. Phase 1 identifies the minimal figure of PMUs to do the system topologically discernible. Phase 2 was proposed to place if the resulted PMU arrangement outputs to a full graded measuring Jacobian. A consecutive riddance algorithm was proposed to place the optimum locations of extra PMUs [ 8 ] . An Exhaustive hunt is an optimisation technique which consistently enumerates all possible campaigners for the solution. It chosen the campaigner which satisfy the restraints at the optimal nonsubjective map value. It guaranteed the determination of the planetary optimum but it was non suited for big scale systems with immense hunt infinite.Azizi et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement by an tantamount additive preparation for thorough hunt. The province appraisal was implemented based on the complete additive arrangement [ 9 ] . Fei et Al[ 10 ] discussed an optimum PMU arrangement based on the limited thorough attack. An about optimum PMU arrangement ( AOPP ) was established in order to place the seeking infinite. AOPP was deterministically retrieved by elaborate power system province observability analysis. The impression of coach neighbour was defined to deduce the seeking infinite of limited thorough attack. The heuristic algorithms applied for optimum arrangements are Familial algorithm, Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Immune Algorithm, Iterated Local Search ( ILS ) , Crossing Tree Search ( STS ) , Greedy Algorithm, Recursive Security N Algorithm, Decision Tree and Practical Heuristic Algorithm.Hajian et Alintroduced an optimum PMUs arrangement to keep the web observability utilizing a modified BPSO algorithm. An optimum measuring set was estimated to obtain the full web observability during normal conditions. After any PMU loss or individua l transmittal line outage, the derived strategy in normal status was modified. Observability analysis was carried out based on topological observability regulations. A new regulation was added to minimise the figure of PMUs for complete system observability. A modified BPSO algorithm was used as an optimisation tool to acquire the minimum figure of PMUs and their corresponding locations [ 11 ] . Sharma and Tyagidesigned an optimum PMU arrangement attack based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization ( BPSO ) with the conventional measurings. Quadratic scheduling was used in BPSO algorithm. A method for pseudo observability was introduced for deepness one and depth two with and without zero injection measurings. It was tested on IEEE-7, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 coach system utilizing BPSO technique [ 12 ] .Peng et Alformulated a multi nonsubjective optimum PMU arrangement utilizing a non-dominated sorting differential development algorithm. It is an organic integrating of Pareto non-dominated sorting operation and the differential development algorithm. It enhances the single crowding mechanism and common mechanism [ 13 ] .El-Zonkoly et Alproposed an Improved Tabu Search ( ITS ) for complete observability and out of measure anticipation. The system was based on numerical observability and unreal intelligence. ITS was used to place the optimum arrangement for the PMU to maint ain the system wholly discernible. A Predictive Out of Step ( OOS ) algorithm was proposed based on the observation of the electromotive force stage difference among the substations [ 14 ] .Aminifar et Alformulated an optimum PMU arrangement based on probabilistic cost or benefit analysis. The decrease of system hazard cost was recognized as the benefit linked with the development of broad country measuring system [ 15 ] . Das et Aldesigned a simulation of broad country measuring system with optimum phasor measuring unit location. These measurings were by and large taken for every 4 to 10 seconds offering a steady province position of the power system behaviour. It was implemented on IEEE six coach system [ 16 ] .Jamuna and Swarupproposed a multi-objective biogeography based optimisation for optimum PMU arrangement. Here, the coincident optimisation of the two conflicting aims like minimisation of the figure of PMUs and maximization of the measuring redundancy were performed. The Pareto optimum solution was obtained based on the non-dominated sorting and herding distance. The compromised solution was selected based on the fuzzy based mechanism from the Pareto optimum solution [ 17 ] .Ghosh et Almade a dependability analysis of GIS aided optimum PMU location for smart operation. It look into the impact of topological properties on commissioning PMUs. Reliability was ensured through assorted PMU connecti vity constellation [ 18 ] .Peppanen et Alproposed an optimum PMU arrangement with binary PSO [ 19 ] .Abiri et Alintroduced an optimum PMU arrangement method for complete topological observability of power system. A revised preparation for the optimum arrangement job of the sorts of PMUs was presented [ 20 ] . III. PSO Based Cluster Formation For Optimal PMU Placement Power system observability is indispensable for placing the existent clip monitoring and province appraisal of the system. PMUs enable advanced solutions to bing public-service corporation jobs and supply power system engineers a whole scope of possible benefits: Accurate appraisal of the power system province can be obtained at frequent intervals, Permiting dynamic phenomena to be observed from a main location and suited control actions are taken. Post perturbation analysis will be much improved for the PMU arrangement job, which is obtained with the precise images of the system states through GPS synchronism. This subdivision proposed a PSO based Optimal PMU Placement in power systems. The aim of this method is to supply the optimum arrangement of PMUs, which can do the system discernible and to maximise the measurement redundancy of the system. Fig.1 shows the flow of the proposed method. Initially, the coach system is taken and each coach is considered as a node. Each node connectivity is updated in the binary tabular array. Here, we are sing the undermentioned three instances: Without PMU Loss With PMU Loss Zero Injections A. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Cluster Formation for Optimal PMU Placement PSO is an optimisation algorithm which facilitates a population based search process in which single are termed as atoms. Here, the PSO algorithm is used to constellate the coachs for optimum PMU arrangement. Each atom contains a PMU arrangement constellation for a power system. It represents that each atom is constructed by binary dimensions, such that each coach of the power system has a dimension which indicates the being of a PMU in that coach, it is equal to 1, otherwise 0. Algorithm 1: PSO based Cluster Formation Input signal:Connectivity inside informations of the given coach system 1: Create binary tabular array for the given coachs as ForI = 1 to figure of coach ForJ = 1 to figure of coach Ifcoach ( I ) connect to bus ( J ) Matrix element represent as 1 Else Matrix element represent as 0 End If End For End For 2: D= Sum ( degree Fahrenheit ( x ) ) 3: L = soap ( vitamin D ) 4: Calculate the coach connexion for LThursdaycoach and topographic point PMU on that coach 5: Update the binary tabular array by extinguishing the coach from binary tabular array 6: Initialize atoms 7: Position of atoms = ‘x’ and ‘y’ organizing points of coach location. 8: Speed = random ( figure of coachs ) 9: Check fittingness for given place by utilizing nonsubjective map. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.001.png"/ 10: Minimum ( F_Position ) 11:img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.002.png"/ 12: Position = Position + Velocity 13:ForK = 1 to loop IfPresent_fitness A ; lt ; Last_fitness Update fittingness value End If Update speed and place. End For 14: Find upper limit ( fitness_value ) , mf = soap ( fittingness ) 15: Topographic point PMU on that coach. 16: Update double star tabular array by extinguishing the coach from binary tabular array. 17: Cringle to Step 6 until binary table gets empty. 18:Ifthe PMU placed at merely one coach, Check the nearest coach and made connexion between them and update bunch. 19:End If The proposed algorithm is applied on the three instances for optimum PMU arrangement. B. Case 1: Without PMU Loss In this instance, the zero injection and the flow measuring are ignored. To explicate the restraint set, the binary connectivity matric is formed whose entries are defined in the undermentioned equation: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.003.png"( 1 ) The matrix can be straight calculated from the coach entree matrix by change overing the entries in the binary signifier. See the six coach system The binary tabular array B is defined as img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.004.png"( 2 ) The restraints for this instance is, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.005.png"( 3 ) From the binary tabular array, place the maximal connectivity among the coachs. The tabular array shows the maximal connectivity is occurred in coach 3. Hence, coach 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are eliminated from the binary tabular array. Then, the binary tabular array can be updated as, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.006.png"( 4 ) After executing the PSO based constellating algorithm, the PMU is placed on coach 1 and bus 3, which is shown in fig.3. C. Case 2: With loss of PMU It is considered as each coach is discernible by individual PMU and these PMUs are placed by the proposed bunch algorithm. Hence, the arrangement of PMUs are extremely dependable but, if any perturbation occurred in power system or due to maintenance purpose any of the PMUs topographic points is out from the system. If any of the PMU is disconnected, so some of the coachs are connected to that PMUs are non remain discernible. In order to get the better of such unexpected PMU failures, a scheme is considered for individual PMU loss. It can be achieved if all the coachs are observed by at least two PMUs. These are operated as two sets, Primary set Backup set If suppose the PMU from primary set is non working decently, so the backup set will take the duty to detect the coachs. To obtain the twosome of PMUs, the restraint and nonsubjective map will stay same by merely modifying the alteration in matrix f. In this instance, the elements of degree Fahrenheit is equal to 2 alternatively of 1. It is defined as follows: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.007.png"( 5 ) This instance place the PMU for supervising the individual coach by two PMUs. Other than the nonsubjective map, the stairss are same. The new restraint map can be constructed as follows: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.008.png"( 6 ) D. Case 3: Zero Injection Zero injection coachs are the coachs from that no current is passed into the system. Zero injection correspond to the reassigning nodes in the system. If zero injection coachs are besides designed in the PMU arrangement job, the full figure of PMUs are farther minimized. See the undermentioned illustration for zero injection on six coach system where coach 2 is considered as the zero injection coach. Now, the restraint for zero injection coach can be written as follows, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1678806.009.png"( 7 ) From the above equation, it is identified that the coach 3 has maximum connectivity. Hence, PMU is placed on the coach for full system observability. IV. Performance Analysis To measure the public presentation of the proposed method, the optimum arrangement of PMU job is solved for IEEE criterion coach system and KPTCL 220 and 400 kV power systems. The KPTCL power coachs are shown in fig.6. The consequences of the proposed method for IEEE coach system is illustrated in table 2. Here, IEEE-6 coach, IEEE-7 coach, IEEE-9 coach, IEEE-14 coach, and IEEE-30 coach system are considered for rating. Table 2 provides consequences for the three instances of IEEE coach systems. We collect the information from the KPTCL 220 and 400 kilovolt power system. Here, the PMU arrangement is obtained merely for the instance 1 ( without PMU loss ) . Hence, we proposed an algorithm to obtain the PMU arrangement, which suits for all the three instances ( with loss, without loss, zero injection coach ) . Table 3 provides the entire figure of PMU arrangement collected from the KPTCL. Whereas table 4 provides the proposed consequence for the given power system. The proposed method consequences for 28 coach, 127 coach and 155 coach system in all the three instances. V. Conclusion and Future Work In this paper, a PSO based bunch formation algorithm is proposed to work out the optimum PMU arrangement job. How to cite A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC, Essay examples

Recruitment And Selection Childhood Education and Care †Samples

Question: Discuss about the Childhood Education and Care. Answer: Introduction: There are various child care centres that are operating in Australia for the education and care of children. This industry is very big in Australia and is made up for a noble cause of giving basic education and care to the children of the country at very low fees. This is reason why the industry operates and work with low cost budget and thus the results of this is high employee turnover in the industry (McGraw, 2011). The companies or the centres like Umina child care centre, cuddles child care centre etc. are facing the recruitment issues. This is the report that focuses on various aspects of recruitment and selection issues that this industry is facing in Australia. This industry has been selected for this study because it is the industry that is facing many issues in recruitment and selection (Keep James, 2010). Even the employees who enters the industry as per their will find it difficult to continue their jobs. Every 5 out of 12 teachers in the centres wants to leave their job as they feel that they can earn better in another industry with less efforts and with same qualifications. The report initiates with the discussion of the industry and the recruitment issues faced by the same. The later part of the report provides some recommended strategies that cam be implemented at the workplace to recruit and retain the employees in the company (Morrissey Warner, 2011). Recruitment and selection: Both these functions are very essential part of human resource management system of any of the company. Recruitment is the positive process while selection is the negative process. This is because recruitment invites may people to apply for the job while selection is the process of rejecting the irrelevant people whose profile does not match with the requirement of the job (Arora, Scott, Bhole, Do, Schwarz Blinkhorn, 2011). There are companies which are outsourcing these functions from the third party and various other strategies are being implemented by the companies these days so that they can improve the quality and the quantity of workforce at their company. Key challenges faced by the company in recruitment: Centre characteristics: quality is the biggest factors that affect the recruitment and selection of the employees at the workplace. Education and Early Childhood educators need to be highly trained in order to get the jobs with quality academic skills and background. This is the industry that deals with child care which needs to be of high quality thus the graduates are not eligible for applying for such jobs (Grace Trudgett, 2012). This results in restricted availability of the quality workforce in the market for becoming Education and Early Childhood educator. Monetary framework: As far as the wages in this industry of Education and Early Childhood centres are considered, it has been analysed that they provide less wages to the highly qualified workers as compared to other industries. This restricts the people to enter this industry. This also increases the employee turnover when the workers or the employees in this industry realize that their peer is getting more wages in other industries with same qualifications (Sulaiman, Othman, Perumal Hussin, 2013). As most of the centres in this industry are non-profit organizations thus they have to keep the fees for the children very low and the first and the foremost cost cutting strategy of the centre is to reduce the salary and wages of the educators. It is a very big challenge for the companies in the Education and Early Childhood education industry to retain and hire the employees who are qualified with high quality academic background. Training and professional development: it is required by the Early Childhood Education and centre to provide quality education ad care to the children. This requires them to hire the employees who are qualified enough to provide great and quality service. This makes them to hire the trained employees and this is also challenge for these companies or centres to hire such trained employees. It is required by the employees to have certificate issues in early childhood education and this limits the amount of people who can apply for the job vacancy (Jones, Hadley Johnstone, 2017). Working condition: it has been analysed that the working environment at the early childhood care centres are very negative in nature. This is because of the rigid working hours, job insecurity, less motivation at the workplace and less wages as compared to other industry. This increase the employee turnover rate of the centres as the centre fails to motivate and retain the employees with them (Shaheen, 2016). As the working condition of these centres is not very favourable for the employees thus it becomes challenge for the employees to recruit and retain the employees at the place. Labour supply and demand: It has been analysed that this is the industry that does not provide immense growth to the employees working at the centres. This is one of the biggest reasons that the labour supply in this sector is very low. Demand for the educators in this sector is rising day by day in Australia but no youth of the country wants to enter the industry where the working environment is not good and the growth opportunities are not there. This is the industry that requires qualified workforce but at very low wages which is really difficult to find in this era where money is the most important factors for which people used to work (White Friendly, 2012). Demographic changes and diversity: increase in the social diversity and the demographic changes such as aging population are the factors that affect the recruitment and retention rate of the childhood care centres. The diversity in society results in diversity among the children who are taking admission in the child care centres (Essa, 2012). This result in increasing pressure on the educators to handle the children with diverse culture and background, it becomes even more difficult for them to deal with these children. This also requires different types of training provision the educators and thus it results in demotivation of the workers to work with efficiency in this industry. Recommended strategies There are different strategies that can be implemented by the child care centres in order to attract the employees and retain them in the organizations: Cooperation Training Growth opportunities Better monetary benefits Better working environment Cooperation: collaboration of the early childhood care and education centre with other industries helps the company to develop better opportunities for the educators who are working in their education centres (Jovanovic, 2013). To promote the jobs in early childhood education sector, it is important to collaborate with some of the universities and colleges so that the recruitment can be done. The collaboration with kindergarten schools also helps in developing the professionalism in this occupation because this helps in developing greater knowledge among the children by conducting one of the collaborative activities. Monetary benefits: everyone works for money. It is one of the major factors that motivate the workers to perform efficiently. If any of the workers or the employee feels that they are not getting paid according to their efforts and qualification then it becomes difficult to retail such employees (Wong, Sumsion Press, 2012). As this aspect is very crucial in the early education sector because the employees who are qualified in nature gets lower wages in the industry as compared to other industry. Providing benefits other than the wages in monetary terms can help these education centres to retain the employees in the sector. Training: As discussed that early education and care centres require high quality workforce so that they can provide high quality services to the children. This requires the employees to be highly qualified with lots of certification courses. Implementing such courses and training at the university and college level results in development of the interest among the students towards this industry. Provision of basic training among the students result in increasing the range of the candidates eligible to apply for the jobs as they have the training certificates from the college. Workplace practices and growth opportunities: Implementation of the best practices at the workplace results in development of growth opportunities for the employees working at the centre and also provide them better workplace environment so that they can be retained in the company. Implementing the practices such as employee engagement programs, recognition and reward program for the employees, growth opportunities and career path recognition programs etc. needs to be implemented in the company so as to improve the workplace environment. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the report that recruitment and selection are the very important function of human resource management for any of the company or the industry. As far as the early childhood education and care industry is considered, it has been analysed that this industry is facing many recruitment challenges such as demographic and diversity issues, low wages issues, labour supply issues etc. For facing such challenges, it is required by the companies in the industry to implement some of the strategies such as managing the working environment of the companies, developing growth opportunities for the employees, provision of proper training and education to the educators, provide them fair remuneration etc. Implementing these strategies help the company to cope with the issues that are developing in the recruitment and selection process. As it is the important part of the companys processes so this is the need of hour to take initiatives in these functions. References: Arora, A., Scott, J. A., Bhole, S., Do, L., Schwarz, E., Blinkhorn, A. S. (2011). Early childhood feeding practices and dental caries in preschool children: a multi-centre birth cohort study.BMC Public Health,11(1), 28. Chaneta, I. (2014). Recruitment and Selection.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,4(2), 289. Doornenbal, E., Stitselaar, W., Jansen, L. (2012). Recruitment Selection.Christian University of Applied Sciences, 1-20. Essa, E. L. (2012).Introduction to early childhood education. Cengage Learning. Grace, R., Trudgett, M. (2012). It's not rocket science: The perspectives of Indigenous early childhood workers on supporting the engagement of Indigenous families in early childhood settings.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,37(2), 10. Jones, C., Hadley, F., Johnstone, M. (2017). Retaining early childhood teachers: What factors contribute to high job satisfaction in early childhood settings in Australia?.New Zealand International Research in Early Childhood Education,20(2), 1. Jovanovic, J. (2013). Retaining early childcare educators.Gender, Work Organization,20(5), 528-544. Keep, E., James, S. (2010). Recruitment and selection-the great neglected topic. McGraw, P. (2011). Recruitment and Selection'.Australian Master Human Resource Guide, 217-234. Morrissey, T. W., Warner, M. E. (2011). An exploratory study of the impacts of an employer-supported child care program.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,26(3), 344-354. Shaheen, A. (2016).Successful employee retention strategies in childcare centers(Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). Sulaiman, Y., Othman, A. R., Perumal, S., Hussin, Z. (2013). Escalating the employee job satisfaction through internal market orientation: A childcare centre perspective.Sains Humanika,64(2). White, L. A., Friendly, M. (2012). Public funding, private delivery: states, markets, and early childhood education and care in liberal welfare statesa comparison of Australia, the UK, Quebec, and New Zealand.Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice,14(4), 292-310 Wong, S., Sumsion, J., Press, F. (2012). Early childhood professionals and inter-professional work in integrated early childhood services in Australia.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,37(1), 81.

Outsourcing And Its Advantage And Disadvantage Essays - Outsourcing

Outsourcing And Its Advantage And Disadvantage Introduction : Nowadays, many organisation are outsourcing their non- core activities to an external agents. Distribution is one of these activities as distribution consider as a non-core activity for many firms. Although, there are many advantage for outsourcing, there are also risks and disadvantage in this process. In this essay I would explain the term outsourcing and explain why organisations are preferring to outsource some of its functions in today's environment. Also, in this essay it has been tried to analysis the advantage and disadvantage of the outsourcing process and its risks towards the organisation. The word outsourcing could be described as the contractual relationship with a specialised outside service provider for work traditionally done in-house. Outsourcing could also be defined as the use of external agents to perform one or more organisational activities. In the last decade or so there has been a trend, particular among large scale companies, to hand over the whole or part of the distribution function to the external agents. One should emphasis that outsourcing is an issue that is not specific to distribution. Many other organisational functions, such as information system, building maintenance, etc?, have been outsource for many years in organisations. There are different reasons for organisations outsourcing their distribution function. More and more organisations today face a dynamic and changing environment. This, in turn, is requiring these organisations to adapt. Competition is also changing. The global economy means that competitors are likely to come from across the ocean as from across town. Successful organisations will be the ones that can change in response to the competition and changing environment. In other words, they will be flexible. Therefore, today's organisation stand in sharp contrast to the typical bureaucratic organisations that have many vertical levels of management and where control is sought through ownership. In such organisations, Research and Development are done in-house, production occurs in company-owned plants, and sales and distribution are performed by the company's own employees. To support all this, management has to employ extra personal including accountants, human

Our Town Symbolism Essays

Our Town Symbolism Essays Our Town Symbolism Paper Our Town Symbolism Paper Essay Topic: Our Town We see through her experiences the way of life and how It ties In with Wielders themes of his play. Throughout the play we see three acts that depict days of the town of Groves Corners In different years. In the first act Emily Is still In school, she lives out her day Like a regular American girl by going to school, coming home, eating dinner with her family, talking with boys, etc. She ends her day looking at the stars before she sleeps. In the second act she has grown into a young woman and is now getting married to the boy next door, she seems to be a typical bride by getting cold feet before the adding and have emotional thoughts, through the end of the second act she ends up married and running off with her husband to who knows where. Finally in the third act, Emily is being put to rest; she has passed away during childbirth. We see Emily depicted as a spirit hoping to relive her life, but in the end she learns to acknowledge that she is dead and now must wait for her eternal life to begin. Wilder uses Emily lifespan to express his theme of life and death represented like the time of day. He starts often play in Emily young years which begins in the morning and n the end of the play, which is act three, sets off in her funeral where the play ends at night. The way Wilder explains in his play is that everything has an end like life and death, Wilder parallels it with day and night to show his meaning of beginnings and endings. Another theme Thornton Wilder uses in his play is the need for Human Companionship. Emily experiences in this theme are similar to the one before just that this time, shows the need of companionship with another. Every time we heard the hymn Blessed Be the Tie That Binds, Emily is somewhere with George her Cubans. This hymn was a symbol that shows that Wilder considers the human nature for the need of companionship a gift he may even have considered It sacred. The hymn is used each time Emily and George shared a moment together, for example In act one when the hymn was sung It was when Emily and George shared there conversation by their windows, In the second act the hymn was sung when Emily and George where wedded, and In the third act the hymn was sung when Emily was being burled and Joining the dead, leaving George behind. The verse of the hymn means that blessed Is tie that binds those two together, since they shared a life together. Wielders need for Employs companionship Is a showing that In human nature we all need a companion that one too walk with us through life. To finish, Wielders final theme would be to cherish every moment of life. As we see n AC tender, Emily In near split Tort tries to go Deck to ten past Ana relive a nappy day of her life, but she cannot handle it because all the emotions are too much for her that they overwhelm her. As she goes back to sit with the dead she realizes that hen they warned her that she shouldnt try to relive her past that its too late for her to cherish that moment. All she can do now is to wait for her eternal life and as she does so, she sees George crying at her grave. When the dead see this they feel no apathy for the man since they think he is Just wasting his life. Wielders point is that no matter what happens cherish every moment of your life and never let nothing hold you back, the loved ones that you lose do not mourn for them for they would not want you to, they would rather you Just cherish the moments you had with them and onetime on with your life. Since you only have one life and you should make the best of it. In conclusion, Wielders themes reflect off the lives of people and represent human nature in their own way. Life and Death, Human Companionship, the Value of Life all reflect on us, and Wilder uses this play to give us a push in the right direction and to step out of that cloud of ignorance that he talks about in the third act. Our Town is a play of life and is a great literature reading for the twenty-first century. Maybe he was right this book is a time-capsule to the past to show how people really cherished life.

Serious Game Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Serious Game Critique - Essay Example The serious games have the capability of changing opinions of the societies of influencing them towards achieving a common goal through educating and funny learning. This has aroused the need to analyze one serious game, in order to demonstrate the way it has the capabilities of influencing the societies towards social, physical, and emotional changes. The research study also identifies if the serious game was successful, and illustrate the way the targeted audience responded to the game. This paper specifically assesses the Climate Defense, which is a defense games educating the player to prevent the global warming through the absorption of carbon dioxide before building up into the atmosphere. The game contains towers that represent quantities of trees that can be planted to absorb the carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. The towers are constructed by the player to destroy the clouds of carbon dioxide, which matches along the pathway from the ground surface to the atmosphere in the form of waves. The game presents the overall impacts to the player, especially after the increase of global temperatures. It gives details of the expected results, as predicted by the economists and scientists after the increase of the global temperatures. However, the games provide an opportunity for the player to approach the problematic aspect of the results by decreasing the wave-size of the emitted carbon dioxide. It also gives the player an alternative approach of increasing the efficiency of energy consumptions by decreasing the waves of carbon dioxide, which the trees must deal with. Therefore, the game achieves its goals of eliminating the player the various approaches to end the issue of global warming, especially the common one of planting the trees. It achieves its notions be even predicting the possible impacts if the situation is not taken under control. Such predictions include the economical point of view and scientific

Sentences in BTN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sentences in BTN - Essay Example A Chinese firm is used for analysis to determine if the exchange rates affect trade flows in a systematic manner. It is beyond the analysis of this paper to compare the responses of the foreign country policies to the domestic policies that existed initially China maintained a fixed exchange rate from 1994 to 2005 and during this period the USA experienced continued and increasing deficits in trade against China. Domestic Chinese firms obtained raw materials from the foreign trading partner freely without making payments. The firm would then sell the product to the same foreign trading partner and charges the trading partner only the assemblage fee. Ordinary exports and imports formed the main basis of the analysis as they accounted for the majority of the exports and the imports. The share of each of the processing firm is used as a determinant of the level of processing trade engagement of the given firm during the analysis The effects of the firm level dynamics on the aggregate ch ina-us trade balance is examined using beard formula of decomposing the annual changes in exports and imports between the two countries. Percentage changes in the GDP of China and USA are used to control the effects on the demands on firm exports and imports. Firm fixed effects are used in the control of any unique feature that may affect the exports or imports at the firm level hence errors are standardized at the firm level

Disadvantages of gm food

Disadvantages of gm food Abstract This report strives to provide an insight upon the numerous disadvantages of GM food and crops pertaining to humans and the environment. The fundamental core of this report concerns the human health risks posed by the consumption of GM food by the community. Safety tests for GM foods are scant and sparse, and toxins as well as allergenic components in these GM foods are unpredictable. Alternatively, GM crops prove to be disparaging to the environment. As a result of GM crops being grown, GM superweeds exist and the earths biodiversity is disrupted. Conversely, GM crops incur substantially high costs. Cost of seeds for GM crops is excessively priced and agri-biotechnological companies stand a chance to abuse this cost in order to reap more profits. 1.0 Introduction Genetically modified foods, otherwise recognized as GM foods, pertain to crop plants or animals engineered for consumption through the application of the latest techniques for molecular biology (Whitman, 2000). Desired traits and characteristics such as increased resistance against pests and improved nutritional content are expressed through the modification of these plants in laboratories. Newly improved crops have been known to demonstrate resistance towards pests, require less water, and generally thrive as well as develop in less than optimal growing environments. Genetic engineering was first discovered in the year 1983, and since then has been utilized for the potential benefit of mankind. However, GM foods have made an impact on the world as it is today. As avowed by Whitman (2000), GM foods have been actively protested against by environmental organizations in Europe and public interest groups for months, and the matter of genetic manipulation has been propelled to the vanguard of public awareness by contemporary disputable studies regarding the effects of genetically-modified corn pollen on monarch butterflies. In the United States of America, research has proven that in the year 2001, more than 60% of processed foods in the country contain bio-engineered foodstuffs such as genetically-modified soybeans and corn (Sakko, 2002). Though there are many queries regarding the safety of such GM foods, in addition to its advantages and disadvantages, the actual question arising from such an issue remains evident: Should GM food be banned for the benefit of mankind? Despite claims that GM food is beneficial to human health, environmentally friendly and its benefits outweigh its disadvantages; GM food should be banned for the greater good as it evidently poses human health risks, is environmentally hazardous, and is costly. This report exposes the disadvantages and adverse effects of GM foods on humans as well as the environment. The scope of this report is global, as GM foods are present in almost all countries around the world and GM crops are on the rise in replacing conventional crops in order to to conform to the needs of humans. 2.0 Human Health Risks Many shortcomings arise from the consumption of GM foods. First of all is the endangerment of human health. It is possible that by introducing foreign genes into the genetic make-up of a plant may result in unexpected and negative impacts upon the wellbeing of humans. As the application of genetic engineering is relatively new to the human society, there is inadequate scientific study regarding the many dangers to health caused by GM foods, and safety test technology is insufficient in gauging the potential dangers to humans. Aside from that, GM foods may carry within themselves unpredictable toxins and might possibly increase the threat of allergenic reactions. 2.1 Scarcity of Safety Tests Knowledge regarding health risks due to GM foods is sparse. As affirmed by Domingo (2000), many opinions exist concerning health risks of genetically modified foods. However, actual publications and information on GM food toxicity remains scarce. It is relatively harder to appraise the safety of foods originating from crops compared to individual chemicals, food additives, or drugs. This is because of the genetic composition of crop foods that is much more complex, and may vary in accordance to discrepancies in growth and agronomic conditions. An example of this is the initial and sole assessment of a GM fruit, the FLAVR SAVR tomato, as assigned by Calgene. This GM tomato was cultivated through the insertion of kanr genes into a tomato by an antisense genetic modification method. Outcomes asserted that no major differences in overall mineral and vitamin as well as in toxic glycoalkaloid levels were observed. Hence, the GM tomatoes are considered to be as harmless as their parent tomatoes (Pusztai, 2001). This is undeniable that the safety test in regards to the safety of the FLAVR SAVR tomato is oversimplified, and does not encompass all aspects of how a safety test should be. As such, the safety test is defectively planned and executed, rendering the conclusion that the GM tomatoes were safe implausible. 2.2 Unpredictable Toxins and Allergenic Components Unwanted consequences can also be a result of the insertion of genes into the genetic make-up of GM crops, as some of the ways and methods the incorporated genes express themselves or the way they affect the exhibition of the genes of the crop are evidently random and mostly erratic. This could result in the production of unfamiliar toxins and allergenic components when consumed unknowingly. This is as evidenced in a toxicity test done on mice. Mice were fed with GM potatoes induced with a Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Cry1 toxin, a toxin imbued within the genetic composition of the potato for the sake of repelling insects. This was shown to have caused villus epithelial cell hypertrophy and multinucleation, disrupted microvilli, mitochondrial degeneration, increased numbers of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles and activation of crypt Paneth cells in the mice (Pusztai, 2001). These results still manifest despite claims of the contrary by its producers and manufacturers, resulting in widespread confusion and fear within its consumers. In another case, a proposition to splice a gene originating from Brazilian nuts into soybeans was rejected due to the trepidation of resulting in unforeseen allergic reactions. GM food derived from modified GM crops is known to trigger new allergies through the synthesis of new proteins by the imported genes introduced. Almost all food allergens are protein-based, and they are likely to be comparatively small and resistant to heat, acid and stomach enzyme degradation (Chow, 2009). Although crops frequently used as staple foods contain thousands of dissimilar proteins, relatively few are known to be allergenic. Though so, their allergenic potential might have been altered through the use of genetic engineering, rendering even foods not generally known to instigate allergies to do so. Should a host plant be noted to express allergenic properties, bringing in new genes into its genetic make-up could actually lead to the allergenic proteins being over-expressed, making the plant more all ergenic. Beneficial to Human Health Proponents of GM foods constantly assert that GM foods are beneficial to human health. They contend that GM foods possess medical advantages, and are able to be modified to make edible vaccines. However, this argument is inadequate. GM foods are still being researched on, and the assumption that they are able to function as supplements is dangerously over-rated. Data and information regarding the effects numerous types of GM foods are insufficient, in spite of everything that those who support the commercialisation of GM foods state. Should GM foods be released to the population without proper examination and regulation, many lives would be endangered, in contrast to what is as claimed due to the unknown effects of many allergens to the human body. As such, GM foods are actually detrimental, and should not be acclaimed to be advantageous to human health when it has not been proven to be so. 3.0 Environmentally Hazardous Additionally, another disadvantage due to the cultivation and breeding of GM crops is the risks it poses to the environment. Numerous environmental activists and advocates of the environment have all made known their concerns and apprehensions regarding the threat GM crops create for the ecosystem. Tempering the genetic make-up of crops to produce GM food might consequently result in the manifest of GM Superweeds. Also, the biodiversity of the environment will be altered or could potentially be disrupted at a larger scale. 3.1 Creation of GM Superweeds Crops genetically manipulated to be able to generate their own pesticides or to be herbicide-resistant pose a dangerous danger to the environment. These crop plants altered genetically to be tolerant to herbicides and pesticides might cross-breed with the local flora, causing the herbicide-resistant genes to be transferred from crop plant to weed. As avowed by Cummins (1999), the growing of these GM crops will inevitably ensue in the emergence of weeds that are resilient to pesticides and herbicides, resulting in the need for stronger, more potent forms of toxic chemicals to liberate the pests. These superweeds will then be a menace to the GM crops in turn, and even to the environment as a whole. This is as illustrated by the emergence of the first superweed, a plant that cant be killed by almost anything, in Canada. A single canola plant in Ottawa was discovered to be resistant to numerous types of pesticides (gmwatch.org, 2001). Canola plants contrived to help farmers in increasing their productivity had instead escaped and cross-bred with one another to produce offsprings that are even more resistant than their parents. Most pesticides werent able to exterminate these super canola weeds, which were wrecking havoc in wheat fields and other prospective areas in which farmers dont want them to grow in. 3.2 Disruption of Biodiversity The notion of biodiversity denotes the wide variation of organisms in a given ecosystem. Numerous interactions between these organisms keep the biodiversity of an environment high, and when disturbed will result in an often adverse if not disadvantages effect to the particular ecosystem. Wild type plants in an area will typically be overwhelmed when a GM crop is planted in its vicinity due to the superiority and better adaptation of the crop to its environment compared to the wild type plants. The GM crops will then be competing with the wild type plants for essential resources like light, water, and important nutrients in the soil for survival, and will most likely prevail. The subjugated wild type plant will then either be extinct or be wiped off from that area. This will then indirectly affect the survival of other organisms that might have relied on the wild type plant for food, shelter, or protection. For instance, research has proven that the plantation of a GM plant, B.t. corn resulted in a high mortality rate in monarch butterfly caterpillars (Whitman, 2000). Unfortunately, the ideal conditions for the plantation of B.t. corn coincides with that of the milkweed plant, which is the staple food for monarch butterfly caterpillars. Milkweed plants were unable to compete and were wiped off in large amounts due to the prevalence of B.t. corn in the ecosystem. This caused monarch butterfly caterpillars to perish in significant numbers owing to insufficient food supply. Hence, this perfectly illustrates the adversity of GM crops to the environment. Can Be Engineered to Maintain Quality of Soil Supporters of GM food relentlessly insist that GM crops are able to be genetically altered to maintain the quality of the soil regardless of the nutrients required. They claim that akin to herbicide-resistance, GM crops can be engineered to return the nutrients it derives from the soil, to the soil, thus sustaining the nature of the soil. However, this assertion is derisory. In fact, as verified by Cummins (1999), due to the mounting use of herbicides owing to the herbicide-resistant traits typical to GM crops, the effectiveness of pesticides will gradually decrease. This will subsequently increase the use of even more toxic pesticides by farmers intending to rid their fields of weeds without any detrimental effect to their crops. Should these super-pesticides be used excessively without moderation, pesticide residues in soil and on crops will inexorably increase, rendering the soil infertile and even poisonous. Therefore, it can be deduced that the cultivation of GM crops is harmfu l to the environment. 4.0 High Costs Introducing a GM food into the market worldwide proves to be a costly and arduous process, in which companies involved would then be inclined to ensure positive, profitable revenue for their investment towards its manufacture and marketing. To avoid copyright infringement, these companies then patent new plant engineering technologies and GM crops produced by them respectively. This would inevitably raise the costs of seeds of GM. In addition, agri-biotechnological companies might abuse the costs of these seeds to generate more profit and proceeds to the dejection of farmers. 4.1 Excessive Cost of Seeds Due to the patenting of GM crops and new crop engineering technologies, the price of seeds of GM crops has soared to astonishing heights as the prices are dictated by their respective agri-biotech companies. Certain breeds of GM crops and their seeds can only be created by certain companies, and these companies will then have full monopoly over its pricing. As such, prices of such GM seeds are not regulated and can even be as much as ÂÂ £10 for 100 grams as compared to ÂÂ £10 for 100 kilograms for its conventional counterpart (Malone, 2008). Small-scale farmers and Third World countries are unable to afford the cost of these GM seeds, but remain dependent upon them due to dire circumstances or termed conditions. This inevitably widens the gap between the privileged and the marginalised. As elucidated by Andrews (2009), GM seeds have skyrocketed and increased sharply throughout subsequent years. Farmers and Third World countries purchasing Monsantos Roundup Ready 2 Soybeans, a GM crop engineered by a leading agri-biotechnological company specialised in the manufacture of GM crops, in 2010 are required to pay an additional 42% more than the price they disbursed for in 2009. However, these countries and farmers are tied down by a contract in which they are required to patron Monsanto for specified number of years, rendering themselves incapable of any other option other than being indebted to the company. This is merely one of the examples in which the elevated prices of GM seeds prove to be detrimental to farmers and Third World Countries. 4.2 Abuse of Cost by Agri-biotechnological Companies Agri-biotechnological conglomerates might also exploit the cost to produce GM seeds. In an effort to enhance sales and profits, agrochemical industries have developed a technique referred to as the terminator technology to prevent farmers cultivating particular GM crop to save and re-plant harvested seeds. The terminator technology designates crops that have been genetically manipulated to yield sterile seeds upon harvest. This will result in farmers and Third World countries being compelled to procure seeds from those companies often at an inflated price. To further fortify this argument, it has been reported that Monsanto has incorporated Delta Pine Land, the worlds prime cotton seed company possessing three US patents on terminator technology, into its midst. These sterile genetically altered seeds would be able to secure a much greater monopoly than patents by making it unfeasible for farmers to re-use harvested seeds from their GM crops. This compels force dependence upon external sources for seeds by small farmers as well as Third World countries that are financially challenged. Hence, agri-biotech companies stand a chance to garner huge profits from the fragile fiscal instability such parties endeavour from. Beneficial to Farmers Advocates of GM crops persistently insist that even with the high costs required for growing GM crops, farmers remain as the ones reaping the benefits eventually. They are assured that GM crops are able to incur massive yields and produce, despite their initial costs for seeds. The profit gained at the end of the day would be more than sufficient to reimburse the cost of GM seeds at the start. On the contrary, this allegation is falsely based. GM crops have proven time and time again to be damaging to farmers. As is the case in India, thousands and thousands of Indian farmers are resorting to suicide after planting GM crops (Malone, 2008). They were promised with harvests previously unheard of and riches as well as incomes undreamt of by cultivating GM crops. Enticed by the assurance of future prosperity, these farmers then borrowed money in order to purchase the seeds needed. However, when harvests failed attained what has been promised, these farmers are left with escalating debts , and no incomes. Consequently, to escape from reality and anguish, they remedied their predicament through suicide. Hence, it can explicated again that GM crops are in fact, disadvantages to man. 5.0 Recommendations To address this issue, first of all, governments worldwide should play their respective parts. To curb and stem the growing ascendancy of GM crops and the marketing of GM foods, governments of countries should place a nationwide ban on GM food and crops. Agri-biotech companies should be imposed upon to discontinue manufacture and further development of GM food immediately. However, should this option be impractical, mandatory health testing of GM food must be employed. Before being released to the public as food products, GM food must be made to undergo multiple examinations to determine its various side-effects, if any, and to ascertain its safety for human consumption. Furthermore, compulsory food labelling of GM food must be necessitated. Agri-business industries should be made to mark their products of GM food in order for consumers to identify genetically modified foodstuff from unmodified ones. Additionally, the usage of chemical and toxic substances such as pesticides and herbicides that may result in harm to the environment should be regulated by the government. Stringent perimeters should be implied upon the amount of these pesticides used that may be employed throughout the growth and production of these GM foods. 6.0 Conclusion Succinctly, GM food should be forbidden for the greater good of mankind due to human health hazards, environmental risks, as well as exceedingly high costs for cultivation. GM food has not been proven to be entirely safe for consumption, as proven by multiple cases of dangers wrought through its intake as well as utilization. Therefore, in an attempt to restrain the increasing popularity of GM food, various parties must play their respective parts and take a stand in this issue. We, as humans capable of thought and logic, must progress with caution and prudence lest we bring destruction to ourselves and to the environment. Only by doing so can the future of mankind be guaranteed and the lives of our future generations spared from unnecessary dilemmas. 7.0 Bibliography Andrews, J., 2009, GM seed prices soar, Farmers Weekly Interactive, Reed Business Information Ltd., viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2009/12/07/119087/GM-seed-prices-soar.htm> banterminator.org, n.d., Introduction to Terminator Technology, Ban Terminator, viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.banterminator.org/The-Issues/Introduction> Chow, S., 2009, Genetically Modified Food Allergenicity and Safety Assessment, Centre for Food Safety, viewed on 2 March 2010, http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_36_02.html> Cummins, R., 1999, Hazards of Genetically Engineered Foods and Crops: Why We Need A Global Moratium, In Motion Magazine, NPC Productions, viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/geff4.html> Domingo, J. L., 2000, Health Risks of GM Foods Many Opinions but Few Data, Mindfully.org, viewed on 2 March 2010, http://www.mindfully.org/GE/Many-Opinions-Few-Data.htm> geneticallymodifiedfoods.co.uk, n.d., Are GM Foods Destroying Biodiversity?, Genetically Modified Foods, viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.geneticallymodifiedfoods.co.uk/are-gm-foods-destroying-biodiversity.html> gmwatch.org, 2001, Superweed story turns nasty, GMWatch, viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.gmwatch.org/latest-listing/1-news-items/4021-superweed-story-turns-nasty> Malone, A., 2008, The GM genocide: Thousands of Indian farmers are committing suicide after using genetically modified crops, Mail Online, World News, Associated Newspapers Ltd., viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1082559/The-GM-genocide-Thousands-Indian-farmers-committing-suicide-using-genetically-modified-crops.html> Steward, G., 2000, Genetically Engineered Superweeds Emerge in Canada, Organic Consumers Association, viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.organicconsumers.org/ge/superweed.cfm> Pusztai, A., 2001, Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?, actionbioscience.org, American Institute of Biological Sciences, viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/pusztai.html> Sakko, K., 2002, The Debate Over Genetically Modified Foods, actionbioscience.org, American Institute of Biological Sciences, viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/sakko.html> Whitman, D. B., Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?, ProQuest, viewed 2 March 2010, http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php> 8.0 Appendix 1